All refugees on Lebanese soil enjoy full rights and equality before the law

Guarantee equal rights and civic duties to all citizens

1. A refugee is someone who has been forced to flee his or her country because of persecution, war, violence or climate change
2. A refugee has a well-founded fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, political opinion or membership in a particular social group
3. Most likely, they cannot return home or are afraid to do so
4. War and ethnic, tribal and religious violence  constitute the main causes of refugees fleeing their countries (UNHCR)

1. Number of Syrian refugees
2. Number of Palestinian refugees
3. Refugee Response Index
4. Proportion of children above age twelve attending school
5. V37 in WVS: Would not like to have as neighbors: People of a different race
6. V39 in WVS: Would not like to have as neighbors: Immigrants/foreign workers

1. The population increased by approximately 30% since 2011 due to the massive influx of Syrian refugees
2. The influx of refugees has negatively impacted Lebanese social and economic growth (cost: USD18.15bn due to economic slowdown, loss in fiscal revenues and additional pressure on public services)
3. Access to rights (registration of older than 1 year)
4. 92 percent of Syrian refugee workers in Lebanon don’t have  legal contracts
5. Negative perception of refugees from Lebanese communities  leading to bullying and discrimination
6. Syrian patients have to pay 25% of individual healthcare despite UNHCR subsidies + expensive NSSF
7. Some municipalities imposed restrictions on refugees, such as curfews and banning the establishment of Syrian businesses (ALEF, 2013; El-Helou, 2014)
8. 18% of refugees’ households headed by women (LCRP, 2017-2020) are suffering from dire conditions
9. Syrians’ access to security and justice services is hampered by difficulties in regularizing their lawful residence in Lebanon
10. Palestinian refugees are not allowed to work in 39 professions (UNRWA,  2017)
11. Education delivered in French or English, languages that are unfamiliar for Syrian students
12. Bullying and discrimination among schools  led to an increase of drop-outs
13. Many refugees had physical and ptsd when they arrived to Lebanon

1. Lebanon has not yet ratified the 1951 United Nations Convention nor the  1967 protocol which led, among other things, to the violation of the non-refoulement principle
2. Shortcomings in solutions offered to local administrations; irregular attendance by NGOs; inconsistency between proposals and the funding available; and lack of an operational mechanism (Mourad & Piron, 2016)
3. Absence of universal labor law
4. National framework absent
5. Pressures on sectarian balance in Lebanon (Sunnites)
6. Absence of relevant national documentation

1. Open border policy with Syria from 2011 to the end of 2014
2. Gradual policy of deterrence since 2014
3. Ministry of Labor issued a circular that limits the sectors open to Syrians to construction, agriculture, and cleaning in December 2014
4. General Directorate of General Security (GS) introduced new regulations to restrict the entry of Syrians in December 2014:  Syrians have to pay a $200 annual fee , present a valid identification document and a signed pledge of responsibility from a Lebanese sponsor in order to apply  to or renew their residency permits
5. Ministry of Labor issued decrees  obliging  employers to submit proof that they tried finding Lebanese employees for the same position  occupied by a Syrian and that they’re respecting  a 10:1 ratio of Lebanese workers to Syrian workers.
6. In 2014, the MEHE  implemented the Reaching All Children With Education strategy by mainly increasing the number of schools  offering second shifts
7. In March 2018, the Lebanese government  lightened residency requirements for Syrian refugees aged  between 15 and 18 years old
8. The government developed a Stabilisation Roadmap with the support of the World Bank and the UN, based on a comprehensive stabilisationassessment (Government of Lebanon, 2013; World Bank, 2013)
9. A policy framework was produced by end-2014, with a more developmental approach, support for host communities and more restrictions placed on Syrian refugees (GoL & UNDP, 2014; LCPS, 2016). The government’s three priorities are (GoL & UN, 2014)

1. Universal labor law covering Syrians (I. C.)
2. Establishment relevant national documentation which would facilitate humanitarian assistance  (Service provision)
3. Using these assistance funds, subsidize refugees voluntarily willing to return to their home countries (Taxes and subsidies)
4. Ratification (Institutional change)
5. Develop and implement of a voluntary resettlement policy that would profit vulnerable refugees . Prior to resettlement, subsidize the refugees willing to resettle  and provide them with  transparent information on the country of resettlement . Resettlement should prioritize female-headed households (I. C.)
6. Ratification of the Equality of Treatment (Social Security) 1962 Convention (No. 118) of ILO (Institutional change)
7. Sanction municipalities for evicting refugees (Institutional change)
8. Criminalizing hate speech (Command and control + campaigns)